Battery swapping vs plug-in charging: a 10-year TCO comparison Conclusion: For most European electric-heavy-truck fleets operating predictable regional routes, plug-in MCS charging delivers a lower 10-year total cost of ownership (TCO) than battery swapping, primarily due to lower capital risk and superior residual value retention. Battery swapping only becomes cost-competitive when utilisation exceeds 4,500 annual […]

MCS charging corridor economics: the per-kilometre cost model The economic case for megawatt charging (MCS) corridors does not rest on faster charging alone. It rests on the cost per kilometre of operating an electric heavy truck versus a diesel baseline. Our analysis of the three leading European MCS network builders — Milence, Kempower, and BP […]