The library
Every WattTonne piece, in one place: market analysis, country guides for BE/NL/DE/FR/UK and beyond, TCO and policy explainers, vehicle evidence files, and duty-cycle playbooks. Updated weekly; every claim dated and sourced.
Duty-cycle guide: regional distribution — the segment that already went electric
Under 300 km/day, overnight at the depot, predictable routes: regional distribution is where 30% of 2025’s EU e-truck sales landed. The complete playb…
2026-08-08
Duty-cycle guide: port drayage — the segment everyone assumes is perfect, and mostly isn’t
Short distances, predictable loops, depot proximity: port drayage looks like the ideal electric duty cycle. The utilisation maths says otherwise — unl…
2026-08-08
Duty-cycle guide: long-haul international — the last segment to electrify, on infrastructure dates
600+ km days, cross-border, sleeper cab duty: long-haul electrifies when corridor megawatt charging arrives — not before. How to read AFIR build-out m…
2026-08-08
Duty-cycle guide: corridor double-shift — where swap and megawatt charging fight it out
150,000 km/year, two drivers, Antwerp–Rotterdam class routes: the highest-value duty cycle in European trucking — and the only one where battery swap …
2026-08-08
XCMG profile: China’s annual sales champion waits on WVTA — and on a European service structure
XCMG led China’s new-energy heavy truck sales in 2025 with 35,400 units. Its European 4×2 charging tractor targets WVTA around Q3 2027 — which means 2…
2026-08-08
Volvo Trucks profile: the methodical Swede playing the long game on range, leasing and trust
FH Aero Electric and a full electric range, Volvo Financial Services’ residual confidence, and a steady cadence of model updates — Volvo’s electric st…
2026-08-08
SANY profile: the Chinese volume champion building Europe’s trust stack piece by piece
China’s e-truck sales leader brings 120,000-unit capacity, EVE batteries and the strongest written battery warranty to Europe — plus Putzmeister, Allt…
2026-08-08
SAIC Hongyan profile: first through the WVTA gate with a swap tractor — and still waiting for the network
Hongyan’s H6 was the first Chinese BEV tractor to pass WVTA testing (2024). Two years on, the certification lead hasn’t converted into European delive…
2026-08-08
Mercedes-Benz Trucks profile: the eActros 600 and the burden of being the benchmark
With 621 kWh, ~500 km range and the deepest service network in Europe, the eActros 600 is the truck every Chinese entrant must beat on paper — and the…
2026-08-08
MAN profile: the eTGX, modular batteries, and Traton’s charging alliance as the trump card
MAN’s eTGX lets fleets right-size the battery pack by pack — and sits inside the Traton group’s Milence charging alliance. The pragmatic incumbent’s e…
2026-08-08
DAF profile: the Benelux champion electrifying on home turf
DAF’s XD/XF Electric pairs 525 kWh with up to ~500 km claimed range — and plays its strongest hand where the tolls bite hardest: the Benelux home mark…
2026-08-08
CATL Qiji profile: the battery giant building the swap standard — whether truck makers like it or not
1,325 swap stations built in one year, 900 Qiji stations targeted by end-2026, a 50:50 UK venture with Octopus — CATL is doing to truck energy what it…
2026-08-08
UK fleet guide: £81,000 grants, depot charging money, and the 2040 diesel endgame
Britain pays up to £81,000 per large electric truck from April 2026 (down from £120,000 in Q1), funds 70% of depot charging, and is consulting on endi…
2026-08-08
Sweden & Denmark fleet guide: two Nordic paths — one with a toll lever, one without (yet)
Denmark’s distance-based CO₂-differentiated truck toll creates real per-kilometre economics; Sweden formally differentiates but, without a kilometre-b…
2026-08-08
Poland & Czechia fleet guide: the CEE corridor where car subsidies exist but truck policy is still thin
Poland’s NaszEauto pays up to PLN 40,000 — for cars, not trucks. Czechia exempts BEVs from highway tolls. Central Europe’s truck electrification runs …
2026-08-08
Norway fleet guide: toll exemption to 2030, Enova grants, and the VAT ceiling that moved
Norway extends road-toll exemption for zero-emission trucks to 2030, supports purchases through Enova’s Landtransport scheme — but capped the famous E…
2026-08-08
Netherlands fleet guide: AanZET money, the new truck toll, and why Dutch registrations doubled
The Netherlands pairs Europe’s richest truck grant (up to €115,200) with a CO₂-graded toll from 1 July 2026 — and doubled its electric truck registrat…
2026-08-08
Germany fleet guide: toll exemption to 2031, THG revenues, and Europe’s largest e-truck market
Germany leads Europe with 4,766 electric trucks registered in 2025, backed by a toll exemption now law until mid-2031, CO₂-surcharged diesel tolls, an…
2026-08-08
France fleet guide: big market, missing lever — and what French fleets can still claim
France registered 1,713 electric trucks in 2025 — third in the EU — yet lacks the CO₂-graded toll that powers its neighbours’ business cases. What the…
2026-08-08
Belgium fleet guide: tolls, grants, corridors and where electric trucks pay first
Flanders’ CO₂-graded kilometre charge, the Antwerp–Rotterdam corridor, Milence hubs and the fleets already running 50+ electric trucks: the complete B…
2026-08-08
Austria & Switzerland fleet guide: Alpine toll systems that already price carbon by the kilometre
Austria’s GO-Maut grades rates by CO₂ class; Switzerland’s LSVA heavy-vehicle fee structurally favours emission-free operation. Two mountain markets w…
2026-08-08
WVTA explained: what European type approval actually certifies — and why it gates every Chinese launch
Whole Vehicle Type Approval is the legal gate between a Chinese electric truck and a European registration plate. What the process tests, how long it …
2026-08-08
Winter operations: planning for the 20–30% range penalty nobody puts in the brochure
Nordic and Danish fleet data is unambiguous: cold weather costs 20–30% of electric truck range. How to winterise a duty cycle — battery sizing, precon…
2026-08-08
How to weigh an electric truck: the WattTonne TCO methodology, line by line
Purchase, energy, tolls, maintenance, residual value, financing, infrastructure: the seven lines of an honest truck TCO model, the defaults we use for…
2026-08-08
Scope 3 for shippers: why your customers’ carbon accounting is about to become your truck specification
Large shippers must report supply-chain emissions — and their trucks are your problem only until their procurement department makes them yours. How sc…
2026-08-08
The residual-value problem: why nobody can tell you what your e-truck will be worth — and how to price that risk
No used market, no residuals, nervous lessors. How the financing industry is pricing electric truck residual risk in 2026, what buy-back guarantees ar…
2026-08-08
Megawatt charging and AFIR: the corridor backbone Europe is building — standards, sites and dates
MCS standardises up to 3.75 MW; AFIR mandates truck charging roughly every 100 km on TEN-T corridors; Milence builds the first network. What the megaw…
2026-08-08
Depot charging and the grid: the two-year queue that decides your electrification date
Trucks can be delivered in months; multi-megawatt grid connections take years in congested zones. How to sequence grid applications, size a depot char…
2026-08-08
CO₂-graded truck tolls, mapped: who charges what, where, and what it’s worth per kilometre
Germany’s exemption to 2031, Benelux €0.038 vs €0.204, Austria’s GO-Maut classes, Denmark’s distance toll, Switzerland’s LSVA — and the countries wher…
2026-08-08
Battery warranties decoded: SoH floors, exclusions, and why ‘8 years’ can mean very different things
Every electric truck quote mentions a battery warranty; almost none of them say what it pays. State-of-health floors, throughput limits, transferabili…
2026-08-08
Battery swap economics: the utilisation iron rule that decides everything
Swap stations lose money below ~20% utilisation and print money above 40%. What that means for European fleets weighing Qiji/Swaptopus against megawat…
2026-08-08
Evidence File deep-dive: Volvo FH Aero Electric — the motorway specialist
Aero-optimised, ~540 kWh, ~300 km class with annual range updates, backed by Volvo Financial Services. Where it beats the eActros and where it doesn’t…
2026-08-08
Evidence File deep-dive: Scania 45 R/S — big battery, fast charging, limited markets
624 kWh installed, 375 kW charging, Traton engineering — rolling out market by market. Strong hardware, TCO questions, and the rollout to watch.…
2026-08-08
Evidence File deep-dive: SANY e263 — the biggest battery, the best warranty, the missing price tag
636 kWh EVE LFP, 800 V, 0.9–1.2 kWh/km reported, 8-yr/1.2M-km SoH-70% warranty, 700+ partner workshops — and no published price. What we could and cou…
2026-08-08
Evidence File deep-dive: MAN eTGX — the case for buying exactly the battery you need
Modular packs up to ~480 kWh, 300–400 km class, delivering since 2024 inside the Traton/Milence ecosystem. Modularity economics, charging roadmap and …
2026-08-08
Evidence File deep-dive: Mercedes eActros 600 — what 18 months of deliveries actually prove
621 kWh LFP, ~500 km independently verified, 400 kW CCS, delivering EU-wide since 2024. The eActros 600 evidence file, expanded: strengths, limits, wa…
2026-08-08
Evidence File deep-dive: DAF XF Electric — the Benelux policy machine’s home player
525 kWh, ~500 km claimed, 325 kW CCS, and the densest dealer coverage where the tolls bite hardest. Home-turf economics and out-of-area questions.…
2026-08-08
Q1 2026: Europe passed 6,300 electric truck registrations in one quarter
ICCT tracking shows the first quarter of 2026 already delivering more than 6,300 electric trucks — and 2025’s full-year European total exceeding 23,70…
2026-08-07
ING and ICCT map the road to 2030: 290,000–400,000 electric trucks — and the depot fleets got there first
The forecasters agree on the destination: 290,000–340,000 e-trucks on European roads by 2030 (ICCT), up to 400,000 in ACEA’s scenario. The interesting…
2026-08-07
IAA Transportation 2026 preview: Hanover becomes the electric trucking checkpoint
15–20 September, Hanover: SANY promises a ‘big splash’, European OEMs defend home ground with megawatt charging, and the swap-vs-charging standard fig…
2026-08-07
The Windrose aftershock: how one collapsed startup reset what European fleets demand as proof
Unpaid wages, roughly 20 deliveries against 200 claimed orders, a collapsed Antwerp operation. Windrose did not just fail — it repriced trust for ever…
2026-08-06
China’s 2025: 231,100 electric heavy trucks, 53.9% December penetration — the scale Europe keeps misreading
China sold more new-energy heavy trucks in 2025 than Europe has registered in its entire history. What actually drove it — price parity, swap networks…
2026-08-06
SANY e263 goes to work in Germany — the Chinese landing is no longer a forecast
Since spring 2026 the first large Chinese electric tractor push in Europe is operational: 636 kWh EVE battery, 800 V architecture, an 8-year/1.2M-km b…
2026-08-05
CATL and Octopus Energy launch 50:50 swap venture — Europe’s charging-vs-swap fight gets serious
The Swaptopus joint venture pairs CATL’s Qiji swap hardware with Octopus’s Kraken energy platform, targeting UK super-hubs from 2027 and 30+ stations …
2026-08-05
AanZET 2026: €78 million opened in January, second window 29 September — how Dutch fleets actually capture it
The Netherlands’ AanZET grant pays up to €115,200 per zero-emission truck, first-come. With the second 2026 window opening 29 September, the applicati…
2026-08-05
UK raises Plug-in Truck Grant to £120,000 — then schedules the taper
January’s £18m top-up lifted the UK’s electric truck grant to £120,000 for the largest rigs; from April 2026 caps step down to £81,000. London also op…
2026-08-04
Germany locks electric truck toll exemption to mid-2031 — six years of planning certainty
The Fourth Toll Amendment Act, in force since December 2025, exempts zero-emission trucks over 4.25t from German motorway tolls until 30 June 2031 — t…
2026-08-04
EU electric truck registrations up 47.7% in H1 2026 — the acceleration is real, the base is small
ACEA’s half-year data shows electric trucks growing six times faster than the overall EU truck market, yet holding just 4.8% share. What fleet buyers …
2026-08-03
The ‘staircase’ ruling: EU freezes −15% to 2029, then drops −45% in 2030
The EU Council’s 30 March amendment reshaped the compliance calendar for truck makers — and quietly defined the buying window for fleets. Here is what…
2026-08-03
Flanders and the Netherlands switch on CO₂-graded truck tolls — the €0.166/km argument
Since 1 July 2026, a zero-emission truck pays roughly €0.038 per kilometre where a diesel pays €0.204 — and up to €0.40 cross-border. The Benelux just…
2026-08-03